J. ”jvari vazisa” 2, 1999“

isic sakiTxavia, Tu daviT aRmaSeneblis jarma ganmaTavisuflebel omSi, ra saWurvliT daibruna Turq-seljukebisagan mitacebuli miwa-wyali, riT gadaitana saqarTvelos sazRvari “nikofsiTgan darubandisa zRuadmde da ovseTidgan-soerad, da aregawemde?“ saqarTvelosaTvis aseTi pirovnebis movlenas g. orbeliani gangebas miawers.

miuxedavad mravali qartexilisa, Cvens winaprebs Semonaxuli hqoniaT Sua saukuneebis qarTveli mxedris mTliani aRWurviloba, riTac es sakiTxi naTeli gaxdeboda, magram sxva unikalur qarTul koleqciebTan erTad, saqarTveloSi moRvawe ucxoelTa wyalobiT, zogi sazRvargareTul muzeumebSi aRmoCnda. amasTan dakavSirebiT akad. iv. javaxiSvili, rodesac igi 1937 w. xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi S.rusTavelis xanis materialuri kulturis saiubileo gamofenas, gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda: “arc saqarTvelos muzeumis koleqciebSi da arc sxvagan mTlianad imdroindeli XI_XIII  s. javSani an Tori ukve aRar moipoveba. mxolod berlinis coighauzis (iaraRis) muzeumSi naxavs adamiani saqarTvelodan (xevsureTidan) XIX s-Si gatanils manekenze Camocmuls, XIII s. raindisa da cxenis ors mTlians saucxoo anakrebs. oqros zarnaxSiT uxvad Semkuli mSvenieri qarTuli muzaradic arsebobs, magram jerjerobiT arc is aris saqarTveloSi“. kavkasiis muzeumis yofili direqtori g.rade (1867-1903), dasZens akad. g. Citaia, qarTuli unikaluri koleqciebiT pirvel rigSi germaniis muzeumebs:hamburgs, laipcigs da berlins amaragebda. safiqrebelia, rom xsenebuli koleqcia berlinSi misi meSveobiT moxvdao. qarTuli aRWurviloba germaniis saWurvlis muzeumSi k. gamsaxurdias dauTvarielebia, romlis Sesaxeb mwerali Semdegs aRniSnavs: “Cvens dromdis moaRwia qarTuli Toris da ubrwyinvalesma nimuSma. erTi qarTuli Toris mTeli kompleqsi XIII s. me TavaT minaxavs berlinis coighauSSi-iaraRis muzeumSi (urigo ar iqneba, es Toric movkiTxoT prusielebs)“. berlinis muzeumSi daculi saWurvlis badali, k. gamsaxurdias gadmocemiT, arsebula q. miunhenSi mcxovreb mantoldis ojaxSi, romelic maTTvis usaxsovrebia niJnigorodis polkis “komandirs bagrations“. saWurvels k. gamsaxurdia ase agviwers: “savsabiT uzadoT Semonaxuliyo, rogorc jaWvis perangi, ise Tori, jaWvis perangi Tvalmrgvali iyo da samferosani. Cabalaxs oriod adgilas Tvali amovardnoda“. xolo muzaradze ki qarTuli asoebiT “Csng“ e.i. 1253 w. aRniSnulia nivTis TariRi. iqve gamofenili yofila xevsuruli daviTferuli, franguli, qarTuli vadajvriani xmlebi. qarTuli saWurvlis sanaxavad am werilis avtorsac, mouxda dasaxelebul muzeumSi 1967 w. muSaoba, ramac uSedegod Caiara 1941-45 ww. omis Semdeg eqsponatebis awewilobis gamo. am sakiTxiT iqauri TanamSromlebic davaintereseT. 1987 wels berlinis saWurvlis muzeumidan gamogvigzavnes saWurvlis fotosuraTi, romelic qarTuli ar aRmoCnda. e.i. Zieba kvlev grZeldeba. marTlac rogor damSvendeboda s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis feodaluri xanis gamofenas, rom mis darbazSi iyos feodaluri xanis mxedris aRWurviloba.  

sakiTxavi isicaa, erovnuli saWurveli sad mzaddeboda? kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom feodaluri xanis saWurveli, liTonis sabadoebTan axlos saqarTvelos mTaSi: aWaraSi, svaneTSi, raWaSi, xevsureTSi, gudamayarSi da algeTSi iWedeboda, rasac materialur kulturasTan erTad zepirsityviereba adasturebs. 

saWurvels Semdeg ukve didd qalaqebSi - daviTis mier “aRmocenebul“ qalaqebSi amzadebdnen. anonimuri avtoris cnobiT q. Tbilisidan saeqsportod gahqondaT spilos ZvliT inkrustirebuli kaparWebi da sxva.

auracxeli saWurvlis Wedvam saqarTvelo metalurgiis mniSvnelovan kerad aqcia. saWurvlis damzadebisaTvis sagangebo ostatebi rom arsebobdnen, Cvenamde moRweuli Semdegi gvarebis arsebobac adasturebs: mefariSvili, mefariani, javSaniSvili, javSaniZe, jaWvliani, WuraZe, jolbordi (isris mTleli), zeinkliSvili (zeinkali adre mTliani saWurvlis, xolo Semdeg ki mxolod Tavdasacavi saWurvlis ostati), SubiTiZe, xmalaZe, xanjalaZe, daSniani, daSnianiZe, qarqaSaZe da ara marto am gvarebis warmomadgenlebi Wedavdnen Tavis mxsnel qarTul saukeTeso saWurvels, romlis maRalxarisxovnobam da xmarebis daxvewilma wesma ucxo dampyroblebisagan gadaarCina Cveni qveyana. 

sagangebo yuradreba unda SevaCeroT qarTuli saWurvlis arsebobaze, rac mniSvnelovani movlenaa, radgan rogorc cnobilia, bevr did da saxelovan erebs, sakuTari saWurveli ar gaaCndaT. qarTvelebi ki omiaSvilebi, CubiniZeebi (isris msrolelni) mSvidobaZeebi da maTTan erTad yvela, qarTuli saWurvliT samSoblos dasacavad, mSvidobis mosapoveblad ibrZodnen.

feodaluri xanis qarTuli saWurveli aRweres sulxan-saba orbelianma da vaxuSti bagrationma. xolo iv. javaxiSvilma sagangebo naSromi miuZRvna.

am periodSi Sesatev, mkveTel saWurvelad xmarobdnen maxvils, xmals, da satevars, dasartymelad: laxts, Cuglugs da gurzs, saZgereblad ki horols, Subs da xiSts; satyorcnelad: Surduls qviTa da tavarjuxiT, aseve filakvans, sasrolad ki Svild - isars kaparWiT. Tavdasacavi saWurvelidan ki:fars, Tavsarqvelad muzarads da Cabalaxs (XIIs. nikorwmidis sigelSi moxsenebulia “gudamayruli Cabalaxi“). tanissacavad: javSans, jaWvs da polotiks. zedakidurTsacavs: xelnavs da safuxres, qvedasi ki: sabarkuls, saCernes da sxva.

qristianobis miRebis Semdeg micvalebuls Tan saWurvels aRar atandnen. miuxedavad am wesisa, Cvens droSi feodaluri xanis intensiuri, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mainc aRmoCenilia Suasaukuneebis zogierTi saWurvlis nimuSi. muzaradi rkinisa, Zabriseburi aseve muzaradis wopi javaxeTis axalqalaqidan, jaWvis perangis nagleji qsovilTan erTad dmanisidan. jaWvis perangi bizantiuri monetiT, zurtakis samarxidan. brtyeli, samkuTxovani da orkapiani isrebi. Subi xiStisebri dmanisidan. xmlis vadebi umetesad nefritisa, mcenareuli da reliefuri ornamentiT. xmali rkinisa orlesuli, xmali rkinisa callesuli, vada burTulebiseburi dabolovebebiT, vanidan, da sxva. didgoris arqeologiuri gaTxrebi am mxrivac mdidar masalas gadagviSlida Tvalwin.

saqarTvelo aRmaSenebelma jvriT, romelsac brZolebSi yovelTvis Tan atarebda da jvar-vadiani xmliT aRadgina. mefe-sardlis mier saqarTvelos sazRvrebis gafarToebas da mis mijnis gadatanas g. orbeliani aRmaSeneblis xmals miawers: “Sirvan, derbendi, hyav samzRvrad, Seni xmliT Semoxazuli“. maRalxarisxovani qarTuli xmlis Sesaxeb aRniSnaven: "Tu sadme xmali mZleobdes, uTuod aqauria", magram rogori formis xmliT aRadgina saqarTvelo da daumkvidra Tavis ers? saZiebeli ai, es aris. XIII s. xmlis formis dasadgenad unda daveyrdnoT arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebul, Rarib da mdidrul frekulsa, ikonografiulsa da numizmatikur masalas, riTac dgindeba, rom XII s. xmali swori iyo, romelic XIII s.  monRolebis Semosevis gamo moixara, rac laSa giorgis beTaniisa da berTubnis freskebze kargadaa gamosaxuli. pirvelze laSas Sveti-swori xmali artyia. berTubnis freskebze ki misi xmali ukve moxrilia. iv.javaxiSvili, agrZelebs ra msjelobas am sakiTxze, aRniSnavs: "istoriul mxatvrobis mixedviT, Cven SegviZlia gavarkvioT, rom  XII s. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli yofila Svetiswori xmali; magram XIII s. damdegs ukve Cndeba moxrili xmali, iseTi, rogoric gavrcelebuli iyo axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi". e.i. qarTuli xmali formas icvlis, magram iseTi RvarWnili da mrude ar xdeba, rogorc musulmanuri-naxevrad mTvariseburi, aramed qarTuli xmali odnav moxrilia, romelic ukeT gamoyenebis gamo CvenSi damkvidrda.

daviTis jvarTan erTad Cvenamdis moaRwia mis dros moWrilma monetebma, Cvens TemasTan dakavSirebiT, yuradsaRebia arabuli Semdegi warwerani: "mefeTa mefe daviTi, Ze giorgisa, mesiis maxvili", da "mefe, mefeTa, maxvili mesiis daviT". rac daviTs warmogvidgens qristianTa damcvelad da musulmanTa damlaxvrelad. daviTis mier SemoRebuli dasaxelebuli warwera amSvenebs mefeebis: demetre I-is, giorgi III-is, Tamaris, laSa giorgis da rusudan mefeebis monetebs. dasaxelebuli warwera JamTa ukuRmarTma svlam mospo. 

qarTvelebis mier omis dros saWurvlis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT, aRsaniSnavia ibn-al-asiris cnoba. didgoris brZolaSi im 200-ma gmirma vaJkacma, omis dawyebamde mowinaaRmdegis banaks rom miuaxlovda, dampyroblebs mSvild-isari esrola, riTac mowinaaRmdegeebis areuloba gamoiwvia.

daviTi omis dros ara marto mxedarmTavrobda, aramed, igi TviT iyo uebro meomari. arsen iyalToelis TqmiT: "Zlieri, viTarca lomi mxecTa Soris", rogorc misi istorikosi aRniSnavs: 1105 w. erwuxis brZolidan dabrunebul naomar daviTs jaWvis perangis sartyeli rom Seuxsnia, mtknari Seyinuli sisxli gadmoRvrila, romelic iyo mtris sisxli, daviTis xmliT "ukumomdinare". am brZolaSi daviTisaTvis sami cxeni mouklavT da meoTxeTi gaumarjvnia. 

qarTvelTaTvis xmliT brZola mTavari iyo. ambobdnen, "xmali qarTvels dabadebidan ebedebao". qarTveli kaci da xmali ise Seerwyvnen erTmaneTs, rom Cvens yofaSi man sapatio adgili daikava. igi qarTuli Coxa-axaluxis da ojaxis samkaulia. Wabuks, mxedarmTavarsa da mefes xmals Semoakravdnen. nefe-patarZals gadajvaredinebul xmlebSi gaatarebdnen da sxva. xmliT Cvenma xalxma imdeni ibrZola, rom ambobdnen, "xmaliviT marTali kaciao". qarTvelisaTvis xmliT brZola iyo mTavari. "qarTvelo, xeli xmals ikar, dro dagidga sanatreli-"o. da sxva. aseTi urTierTobisa gamo xmalma Cvens cxovrebaSi sapatio adgili daisakuTra. mefed kurTxevis ceremonialSi, adre, feodalur xanaSi, mefes xmals feodaluri aristokratia Semoartyamda, rac daviTis mefed kurTxevisas, im awewilobis Jams, ar Sesrulebula. daviTs "TviT mamam (giorgi II) daadga gvirgvini mefobisa". daviTma mefed kurTxevis Zveli tradicia aRadgina da mniSvnelovani siaxlec Seitana. Tavis vaJs demetre I-s "daadga gvirgvini, TviT misiTa xeliTa" da TviTon "Seartya welTa ZlierTa maxvili". amiT daviTma samefo siZlieres gausva xazi. demetre I-saTvis xmlis Semokvris ceremonialia asaxuli sof. latalis macxovris eklesiis freskaze, romelsac axlavs Semdegi warwera "xmals abamen demetresa daviTisasao" aRmaSenebeli Tavis anderZSi dasZens, rom demetre I-s "mivec droSa Cemi sviani". daviTis droSas ewodeboda "droSa svanad xmarebuli gorgasliani da daviTiani". swored daviTis droSiTa da xmliT galaRda saqarTvelo. anderZSi aRniSnulia rom daviTs demetre I-saTvis gadaucia abjari samefoni da saWurWleni, TviTon zemoni da qvemoni, rac Cveni TemisaTvis mniSvnelovania.

daviT aRmaSeneblis, rogorc omis RmerTis saxeli, iqamdis aRzevda, rom italiis q. feraraSi da germaniis q. zolingenSi damzadebul feraras xmlebs, romlebsac CvenSi daviTferuls uwodeben, mecnierebi (b. abaSiZe da r. burWulaZe) daviT aRmaSeneblis saxels ukavSireben.

saWurvlis karg xmarebasTan erTad daviTi zrunavda qarTuli jaris sagangebo gawvrTnisaTvis, risTvisac vaJkacebs sagangebod axalisebda, "mxneTa qebiTa da niWiTa micemiTa, xolo jabanTa sadedoTa STacumiTa da kicxviTa ZagebiTa". daviT IV-s jarSi "yoveli uwesoba" mospobili iyo "laSqarTa Sina misTa".

saqarTvelos aRorZinebisaTvis daviTs, misgan davalebulma qarTvelma erma aRmaSenebeli uwoda. aRmaSeneblis saqmis ukvdavsayofad erTma darbaiselma glexma eseTi sadRegrZelo warmosTqva: "daviT aRmaSeneblis TamadobiT, vinc qarTul saZirkvels erTi aguric ki miumata, yvelas gaumarjoso", marTlac da, dalocvili iyos daviTis Rvawli da yvela misi mimdevari.         

kote ColoyaSvili

qarTuli xmlis istoriidan, kote ColoyaSvili (video)

Savfarosnebi, kote ColoyaSvili (video)

kaxaber zarnaZe

miTi Tu realoba

iuri yeinaSvili, wignidan “raindulo saqarTvelov, aRsdeq!”, 2002

“qarTvelebs gagvaCnia maxvilis (xmlis) flobis xelovneba, xevsuruli farikaoba, anu qneva-fareba, romelic iaponur ken-dos arc filosofiiT, arc raindulobiT, arc teqnikiT, arc silamaziT da arc siZlieriT ar Camouvardeba; amis dasturad SeiZleba ori istoriuli magaliTi moviyvanoT.

pirveli exeba im istoriul faqts, roca xevsurma liqokelma samuraebis oceuli gaanadgura. es faqti qarTuli sabrZolo xelovnebis istoriaSi albaT erTaderTia, rodesac qarTuli skola iaponurs daupirispirda da es paeqroba pirvelis aSkara upiratesobiT dasrulda. me-19 saukuneSi pristavis mokvlis gamo kunZul saxalinze gadausaxlebiaT xevsureTis mkvidri, vinme liqokeli. es ukanaskneli Tavis kuTxeSi SesaniSnav mofarikaved iTvleboda. im xanad, ruseT-iaponiis omi mimdinareobda da iaponelTa erTma razmma kunZuli daikava. liqokeli mters medgrad dauxvda. erT saxlSi gamagrda da SenobaSi Sesul mowinaaRmdegeTagan gareT cocxali erTic ar gamouSvia. bolos da bolos iaponelebma saerTo ZalebiT kari Seangries da yvelasaTvis gasaocrad Tvalwin Semdegi suraTi gadaeSalaT: oTaxis SuagulSi erTaderTi kaci idga, gverdiT ki ramdenime aTeuli iaponeli meomris gvami esvena. TanamemamuleTa “prestiJis” xsna razmis meTaurma moisurva, romelic samuraebis kastas ganekuTvneboda – am wris warmomadgenlebs ki iaponiaSi farikaobis ileTebis saidumloebebs bavSvobis asakidan aswavlidnen – amoiRo xmali samuraim da daiZra xevsuri liqokelisaken. misda samwuxarod, iaraRis moqneva ver mouswria, rom oTxad gaWrila. bolos da bolos liqokeli jer dautyvevebiaT, Semdeg ki dauxvretiaT (?!), magram erTi ubralo xevsuri glexis farikaobaSi amgvari gawafuloba, albaT sayuradRebo faqtia...”.

*Ggiorgi gaCeCilaZe, gaz. “alia” 7-8 noemberi, 1996 w., #139, “miTi Tu realoba”.

Civili xmlisa

- dahJangebulxar, gordao, dagobebia qarqaSi.

sada gyavs Seni patroni dagawyebinos kaSkaSi?

- sada myavs, Zmao, patroni: Samqors gavwire mkvdaria,

ormocgan sWirda naxmlevi, sdioda sisxlis Rvaria.

omSi win wasvla uyvarda, xelT dabRujvili faria;

aras dasdevda sikvdilsa, oRomc ar Sarcxves jaria,

mefis Tamaris gvirgvini, qarTvelT samefo gvaria.

axla uSnod var... damkides laCarT kedelze uqmada;

visRa scalian CemTvisa, qveyana iqca duqnada.

gadamigdeben giraod... da gzir-nacvlebis xeliTa

qveyana mxedavs mdebares "arSinis", "CoTqis" gverdiTa.

Svidasi weli gamixda, ar gavpoxilvar dumiTa.

ar vulesivar qarTvelsa daRiRinebiT CumiTa.

misi xma aRar msmenia: "gasWer, gamiSvi winao,

Tu saxels ar maSovnineb, rogor davbrunde Sinao!"

vaJa fSavla